Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men, and why has this advantage increased over time? There isn't much evidence and we have only limited answers. While we are aware that there are biological, behavioral and environmental variables that play an integral role in the longevity of women over men, we do not know how much each one contributes.

We know that women are living longer than men, regardless of their weight. But, this is not because of certain non-biological factors have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Certain are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that all countries are over the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl from any country can anticipate to live longer than her brother.

It is interesting to note that, while the advantage for women exists across all countries, the difference between countries is huge. In Russia women have a longer life span than men; in Bhutan the gap is less than half a year.

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In countries with high incomes, the advantage of women in longevity used to be smaller
Let's see how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The chart below shows male and female life expectancy at the time of birth in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two points stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Men and women in the United States live longer than they used to 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, there's an increase in the gap between men and women: افضل كريم للشعر female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be extremely small however it increased dramatically in the past century.

It is possible to verify that these points are also applicable to other countries that have data by clicking on the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.