Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live so longer than men, صبغ الشعر بالاسود and why has this advantage increased over time? We only have partial evidence and the evidence isn't strong enough to make an informed conclusion. We know there are biological, psychological, and environmental factors which all play a part in the longevity of women over men, we do not know the extent to which each factor plays a role.

In spite of the precise weight, we know that at least part of the reason women live longer than men in the present, but not previously, has to do with the fact that several significant non-biological elements have changed. These variables are evolving. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is above the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl from any country can expect to live longer than her brothers.

This chart illustrates that, although there is a women's advantage everywhere, cross-country differences can be substantial. In Russia, women live for 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan there is a difference of just half a year.

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In wealthy countries, the women's advantage in longevity used to be smaller
Let's look at how female longevity advantage has changed over time. The chart below illustrates the gender-based and female-specific life expectancy at the time of birth in the US during the period 1790 to 2014. Two points stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Both genders living in America are living longer than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is getting wider: Although the advantage of women in life expectancy was extremely small but it has risen significantly in the past.

It is possible to verify that these are applicable to other countries with data by clicking the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.