Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men, and why is this difference growing over time? The evidence isn't conclusive and we only have some solutions. We know there are biological, behavioral as well as environmental factors which play a significant role in women who live longer than males, it isn't clear the extent to which each factor plays a role.

We are aware that women live longer than males, regardless of weight. However this isn't due to the fact that certain non-biological factors have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and العاب زوجية relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are above the diagonal parity line - this means in all countries a newborn girl can expect to live longer than a new boy.1

This chart is interesting in that it shows that while the female advantage is present everywhere, country-specific differences are huge. In Russia women live 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan, the difference is less than half a calendar year.

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The female advantage in life expectancy was smaller in rich countries that it is today.
Let's take a look at how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The chart below shows male and female life expectancy at the time of birth in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two distinct points stand out.

There is an upward trend. Both genders in America live longer than they were a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, there's an increase in the gap between men and women: female advantage in life expectancy used be very modest however, it has increased significantly during the last century.

You can check if the points you've listed are applicable to other countries with information by clicking on the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, العاب زوجية France, and Sweden.