Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What is the reason women live more than men do today, and why have these advantages gotten bigger over time? We only have partial evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to reach an unambiguous conclusion. We know there are behavioral, biological and environmental variables which play a significant role in women living longer than men, we do not know how much each one contributes.

We have learned that women are living longer than males, regardless of weight. However it is not because of certain non-biological aspects have changed. What are the factors that are changing? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, صبغ الشعر بالاسود there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As we can see, all countries are above the diagonal parity line - this means in all countries a newborn girl can expect to live for longer than a newborn boy.1

This chart shows that, while there is a female advantage in all countries, صبغ الشعر بالاسود the differences across countries can be substantial. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than men, while in Bhutan the difference is just half a year.

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The advantage of women in terms of life expectancy was lower in developed countries as compared to the present.
Let's look at how female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The following chart shows the male and female lifespans at birth in the US over the period 1790-2014. Two distinct features stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Both men and women in the US live much, much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is growing: Although the female advantage in life expectancy was extremely small but it has risen significantly in the past.

It is possible to verify that these points are also applicable to other countries with data by selecting the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.