Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live so longer than men and how has this advantage increased over time? The evidence is limited and we only have partial answers. We know there are biological, psychological and environmental factors that all play a role in the longevity of women over males, we aren't sure how much each one contributes.

In spite of the precise amount of weight, we are aware that at a minimum, the reason women live longer than men and not previously, is to be due to the fact that certain fundamental non-biological factors have changed. These variables are evolving. Some are well known and اضيق وضعية للجماع relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, every country is above the diagonal line of parity - it means that in all nations a newborn girl can expect to live for longer than a newborn boy.1

It is interesting to note that, while the advantage for women exists across all countries, the cross-country differences are large. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than men. In Bhutan the difference is just half one year.

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The female advantage in life expectancy was much lower in the richer countries that it is today.
Let's examine how the female advantage in life expectancy has changed over time. The next chart compares male and female life expectancies at birth in the US between 1790 and 2014. Two aspects stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Women and men living in America are living longer than they were 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is widening: While the advantage of women in life expectancy was once quite small, it has increased substantially over time.

You can check if the points you've listed are applicable to other countries with information by clicking on the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.