Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the main reason women live longer than men? Why the advantage has grown in the past? The evidence isn't conclusive and we're left with only some answers. We recognize that biological, behavioral and environmental factors all play a role in the fact that women live longer than men; however, we do not know how significant the impact of each of these factors is.

It is known that women live longer than men, regardless of weight. However this is not because of certain biological or non-biological factors have changed. What are these changing factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Other are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is above the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl from every country could expect to live longer than her brothers.

The chart below shows that while there is a female advantage across all countries, differences between countries can be substantial. In Russia women live 10 years more than men. In Bhutan there is a difference of just half a year.

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In wealthy countries, the female advantage in longevity was not as great.
Let's look at how female longevity advantage has changed over time. The following chart shows the gender-based and female-specific life expectancy at the time of birth in the US in the years 1790 to 2014. Two distinct features stand out.

First, كيفية إقامة علاقة بالصور there's an upward trend. Both men as well as women in the US live a lot, much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

And second, there is an increasing gap: The female advantage in terms of life expectancy used to be extremely small, but it grew substantially during the last century.

When you click on the option "Change country from the chart, you are able to verify that these two points are also applicable to the other countries with available data: Sweden, France and the UK.