Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What is the reason women live much longer than men today and why has this advantage increased over time? We only have partial evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to support a definitive conclusion. Although we know that there are biological, behavioral and environmental factors which play a significant role in women's longevity more than men, we don't know how much each one contributes.

It is known that women live longer than males, regardless of weight. But this is not because of certain biological or non-biological factors have changed. These variables are evolving. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, every country is above the diagonal parity line , it means that in all nations that a baby girl can be expected to live longer than a newborn boy.1

Interestingly, this chart shows that although the female advantage exists in all countries, difference between countries is huge. In Russia women live 10 years more than men. In Bhutan the difference is just half a year.

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In rich countries the women's advantage in longevity used to be smaller
Let's look at how the gender advantage in life expectancy has changed over time. The next chart plots male and female life expectancies when they were born in the US between 1790 and 2014. Two points stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Men as well as women in the US live a lot, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

There is an increasing gap: The female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be quite small however, افضل شامبو وبلسم; http://wiki.nexus.io/index.php?title=User:Maxwell54P, it has increased significantly over the course of the last century.

You can check if these points are also applicable to other countries with data by clicking on the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.