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Why do women live longer than men?

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Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the main reason women are more likely to live longer than men? And how is this difference growing over time? The evidence is limited and we have only limited answers. Although we know that there are biological, behavioral and environmental factors that all play a role in women living longer than males, we aren't sure how much each one contributes.

In spite of the amount, we can say that a large portion of the reason why women live so much longer than men, but not previously, has to have to do with the fact that certain significant non-biological elements have changed. These are the factors that are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Certain are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, all countries are above the diagonal line of parity - which means that in every country baby girls can expect to live for longer than a new boy.1

The chart below shows that although there is a women's advantage everywhere, ماذا يحدث بين الزوجين في الحمام بالصور (glorynote.com's website) cross-country differences can be significant. In Russia, women live for 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan the difference is less than half a calendar year.

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In countries with high incomes, the female advantage in longevity was previously smaller.
Let's now look at how the female advantage in longevity has changed with time. The following chart shows male and female life expectancy when they were born in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two distinct features stand out.

There is an upward trend. Men and women in America live longer than they were a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is growing: Although the female advantage in life expectancy used to be tiny however, it has grown significantly over time.

You can check if these principles are also applicable to other countries that have data by selecting the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, ماذا يحدث بين الزوجين في الحمام بالصور and Sweden.