Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What is the reason women live more than men do today and how has this advantage increased in the past? We have only a small amount of evidence and صبغ الشعر بالاسود the evidence is not strong enough to make an informed conclusion. We recognize that biological, behavioral and environmental factors contribute to the fact that women have longer life spans than men, but we don't know exactly what the contribution of each of these factors is.

Independently of the exact number of pounds, we know that at a minimum, the reason why women live so much longer than men, but not in the past, has to have to do with the fact that several fundamental non-biological factors have changed. These factors are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, صبغ الشعر بالاسود like the fact that men smoke more often. There are other issues that are more intricate. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is above the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl in every country can be expected to live for longer than her older brother.

It is interesting to note that, while the advantage for women exists everywhere, the difference between countries is huge. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than men. In Bhutan the gap is less than half a year.

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In the richer countries, the women's advantage in longevity used to be smaller
Let's look at how the female advantage in longevity has changed over time. The following chart shows the men and women's life expectancies when they were born in the US during the period 1790 to 2014. Two specific points stand out.

First, there's an upward trend. and women in the US live much, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is increasing: While the advantage of women in life expectancy was once tiny, it has increased substantially with time.

You can confirm that the points you've listed are applicable to other countries with data by clicking the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.