Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live more than men do today, and why does this benefit increase over time? We only have partial evidence and the evidence isn't strong enough to make an absolute conclusion. We know that biological, behavioral and environmental factors play a role in the fact that women have longer life spans than men, but we don't know exactly what the contribution to each of these variables is.

In spite of the precise number of pounds, we know that at a minimum, the reason women live longer than men but not in the past, is to have to do with the fact that some important non-biological aspects have changed. The factors changing are numerous. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is over the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl in every country can anticipate to live longer than her older brother.

This chart is interesting in that it shows that although the female advantage is present everywhere, country-specific differences are huge. In Russia, women live 10 years more than men. In Bhutan the gap is only half a year.

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The female advantage in life expectancy was less in countries with higher incomes than it is now.
Let's see how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The next chart compares male and افضل شامبو وبلسم female life expectancies at birth in the US over the period 1790-2014. Two points stand out.

There is an upward trend. Women and men in America have longer lives than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is widening: While the advantage of women in life expectancy used to be tiny but it has risen significantly with time.

Using the option 'Change country from the chart, confirm that the two points are applicable to the other countries having available information: Sweden, France and the UK.