Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live so much longer than men today and how have these advantages gotten bigger over time? There is only limited evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to draw an informed conclusion. While we are aware that there are biological, كيفية إقامة علاقة بالصور psychological as well as environmental factors which play a significant role in women who live longer than males, we aren't sure what percentage each factor plays in.

We have learned that women live longer than men, regardless of weight. But it is not because of certain biological or non-biological factors have changed. What are these changing factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Certain are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are over the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl in all countries can be expected to live for longer than her brother.

Interestingly, this chart shows that although the female advantage exists across all countries, the country-specific differences are huge. In Russia women live for 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan there is a difference of less than half a calendar year.

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In the richer countries, the female advantage in longevity was previously smaller.
We will now examine how the advantage of women in terms of longevity has changed over time. The next chart plots the male and female lifespans at birth in the US over the period 1790-2014. Two things stand out.

There is an upward trend: Men as well as women in the US live much, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is getting wider: Although the advantage of women in life expectancy was tiny but it has risen significantly over time.

You can verify that these points are also applicable to other countries that have data by clicking the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.